Environmental Impact Of Shipping Essay Example

Environmental Impact Of Shipping Paper It was tasked with evolving the technical basis for the reduction mechanisms that may form part of a future IMO regime to control greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping, and a draft of the actual reduction mechanisms themselves, for further consideration by Amos Marine Environment Protection Committee (MOPE) Ballast water Ballast water discharges by ships can have a negative impact on the marine environment. Cruise ships, large tankers, and bulk cargo carriers use a huge amount of ballast water, which is often taken on in the coastal waters in one region after ships discharge wastewater or unload cargo, and discharged at he next port of call, wherever more cargo is loaded. Ballast water discharge typically contains a variety of biological materials, including plants, animals, viruses, and bacteria. These materials often include non-native, nuisance, invasive, exotic species that can cause extensive ecological and economic damage to aquatic ecosystems along with serious human health problems. Sound pollution Noise pollution caused by shipping and other human enterprises has increased in recent history. The noise produced by ships can travel long distances, and marine species who may rely on sound for their orientation, immunization, and feeding, can be harmed by this sound pollution The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species has identified ocean noise as a potential threat to marine life. Wildlife collisions Marine mammals, such a whales and manatees, risk being struck by ships, causing injury and death. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Impact Of Shipping specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Impact Of Shipping specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Impact Of Shipping specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For example, if a ship is traveling at a speed of only 15 knots, there is a 79 percent chance of a collision being lethal to a whale. [9] One notable example of the impact of ship collisions is the endangered North Atlantic right whale, of which 400 or less remain. The greatest danger to the North Atlantic right whale is injury sustained from ship strikes. [9] Between 1970 and 1999, 35. 5 percent of recorded deaths Were attributed to collisions. [l O] During 1 999 to 2003, incidents of mortality and serious injury attributed to ship strikes averaged one per year. In 2004 to 2006, that number increased to 2. 6. [11] Deaths from collisions has become an extinction threat. [1 2] Atmospheric pollution Exhaust gases from ships are considered to be a significant source of air pollution, both for conventional pollutants and greenhouse gases. There is a perception that cargo transport by ship is low in air pollutants, because for equal weight and distance it is the most efficient transport method, according to shipping researcher Amy Bows-Larkin. 1 3] This is particularly true in comparison to air freight; however, because sea shipment accounts for far more annual tonnage and the distances are often large, shippings emissions are globally substantial. [1 3] A difficulty is that the year-on-year increasing amount shipping evenness gains in efficiency, such as from slow-steaming or the use of kites. The growth in tone-kilometers of sea shipment has averaged 4 perceptually since the sass. [14] and it has grown by a factor of 5 since the sass. 3] There a re now over 100,000 transport ships at sea, of which about 6,000 are large container ships. [13] General requirements for pollution prevention in the marine environment Most international regulations on marine pollution come from the 1 973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (AMORAL), which was updated in 1978. AMORAL was developed by the International Maritime Organization (l MO) and is aimed at preventing and minimizing pollution from ships both accidental and from routine operations. There have been a number Of amendments to the Convention since it was first produced, and AMORAL now has six technical annexes covering marine pollution by: oil noxious liquid substances carried in bulk harmful substances carried in packaged form sewage from ships garbage from ships air pollution from ships Prevention of marine pollution by garbage and sewage The disposal of garbage and sewage from ships is a major environmental issue, and Annexes IV and V of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships were developed to address this. Within the KICK, Merchant Shipping (Prevention of Pollution by Garbage) Regulations 1 998 were developed to address this and were updated in 2008 to reflect changes add to the system internationally. You can [download MGM 385 (M+F) Guidance on the Merchant Shipping (Prevention of Pollution by Sewage and Garbage from Ships) Regulations 2008(HTTPS://www. Gob. Westernmost/ publications/ MGM n -385-prevention-of-pollution-by-sewage-and-garbage-from- ships-regulations-2008) under these Regulations: every ship of 12 meters or more must display placards informing crew and passengers about disposal ARQ reorients for garbage every ship of 400 gross tones or certificated for 1 5 passengers or more must have a garbage management plan and maintain a garbage record book The Regulations also pacify that vessels covered by the regulations must have at least one of the following: a sewage treatment plant which complies with the Merchant Shipping (Marine Equipment) Regulations 1 999 a sewage commutin g and disinfecting system, with facilities for temporary storage of sewage a holding tank for the retention of sewage which has sufficient capacity and has a visual indicator of the amount of its contents Air pollution and ozone-depleting substances Air pollution from ships, and in particular the emission of sulfur and nitrogen compounds (SOX and Knox) and ozone-depleting substances (ODDS) is trickily controlled by regulations that implement the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (AMORAL) and its various annexes and protocols. AMORAL Annex VI, which is specifically about air pollution, has 19 separate regulations, as well as a Code for controlling nitrogen oxide emissions.

buy custom The Framers Intent essay

buy custom The Framers Intent essay The bill of rights that entails policies in the American constitution comprises of laws that will affect the generation to come in United States. The bill of rights passed in 1789 aimed at imposing fairness and equality among publics. The laws will in the long run create a logical religious balance initiative that empowers the society and encourage tolerance among citizens in various religious groups and over protection on individual rights. The laws govern information dissemination eventually through emerging communication social networks that become significant as the world becomes a global village. Information technology has created a compressive mechanism which will enable authorities and social network developers monitor negative use or abuse of information and take essential action. The court through the legal parliamentary amendment committee can envisage frameworks that will ensure the social networks rights and users are protected e.g. information download and usage. The bil l also creates a balance to ratify the future generations to avoid irresponsive use of social resources in a mindless consumerism of humanity. The laws stated in the constitution enabled the American Supreme Court to instigate jurisdiction and monitor the general welfare of all citizens and create institutions that attract public confidence. The institutions will be highly sensitive to protect the rights of individuals in a sensible and fiscal disciplined environment with honest persons who command authority and decency through abiding to the rule of law. 1.0. Introduction In the 21st century, the citizens require laws which will create a pathway for equality and freedom on day-to-day bases of life. The dignity brought about by the bill of rights has highly influenced privacies subjected on leniency and well being of the society with clarity of legal provisions that protects humanity. The United States bill of rights captures the human freedom of speech, privacy and criminal justice in the constitution. The people today understand their rights far much more than in the past years. 2.0. Freedom of speech The Human concept to living a coherent life and being a legal abiding citizen has envisaged the creation of laws that make a person legible to a free society. Since the history on the American and French revolutions in the 18th century where people fought for democracy and equality, the concept of freedom has gradually emerged. It is vital to note that freedom of speech to all citizens is an inalienable right. It allows free communication of ideas and individualistic opinions and all persons are entitled to write, speak and publish freely. However, the individual will be liable to punishment in case of abuse of information and freedom accordingly and shall at all times be defined by law. Every person is free to disseminate information and seek ideas and impart willingly. Today international standards are set by various nations to allow all people regardless of origin to share equitably on egal rights and communicate. There is no clear original intent on the provision of freedom of speech, but there are collective amendments of the US constitution that were introduced by the fourth president of the US, James Madison in 1789 and he made amendment in 1795 on the ramification process. The intent of the bill of rights was protecting the natural rights of liberty including property as well as freedom of religion and speech. The freedom of speech should be the ability of a human being to speak freely without fear and censorship and whereby he expresses his own feelings in acting on, seeking, receiving or imparting information. The individual also has a choice to use any medium to pass information to the target audience. However, the bill of rights has its consequences to legally punish those who break the law by involving radiantly on hate speech. Freedom of speech recognizes human rights as the right to hold opinions without interferences and courage under human rights law in America. An individual on freedom of speech however, has the conflicts with the values or rights. 3.0. Freedom of worship Freedom of worship is a principle that aims at supporting individuals and communities to manifest on religion and beliefs as well as teaching their professed beliefs and worship. The choice to make religious decisions is based on individual understanding. (E.g. not to follow any religion).The bill gives individuals authority to decide on continuation of or discontinue with membership in a chosen religious group. The policy creates a significant part of religious freedom. Today in the society, religious views and freedom can be felt as fundamental human rights persistently on the Universal declaration of human rights. According to Jefferson, people have the right to worship the creator, whereby he stated that among the inestimable of our blessings, there is also the liberty to worship our creator in the way we think is most agreeable to his will (Jefferson, 1898). Freedom of worship has some practicalities on religious activities by individuals as it tolerates diversity of theological believes and systems which create a base of freedom for people to act. The freedom of worship has crossed boundaries while many nations globally share different tales on religious growth and people empowerment in the spiritual instinct. However, the nations differ on legal practices such as repressive social legislations and political disenfranchisement. 4.0. Right to Privacy According to Eugene Huckock, the general law of the land hears before it condemns. It also proceeds upon inquiry and it always renders judgment only after trial (Huckock, 1991). This involves boundaries and directives on what should be considered private among individuals, cultures and publics relevant to shared common themes. There are also anonymities related to privacy such as individuals wishing to remain unnoticed in various public realms which is their rights. Privacy is being self inherent with special personalities sensitive for publicity. Privacy of information discloses the appropriate use and protection of information. In the world today, advancement brought about by information technology has made it easier for administration or effectively and efficiently information management. However, government has a right to invade privacy through critical investigation e.g. taxation laws insist that persons must share information on personal income and earnings. The individual privacy may be voluntarily based on individual perceived benefits on disclosure. However, there are specific dangers and losses and this has to be strategically entailed. This means privacy can be voluntary sacrifice; at a typecast position information must be protected to avoid identity and information theft. Language can also be a hindrance at times on privacy issues where an individual may require a third party for interpretation purposes. 5.0. Criminal rights Too many criminal systems can be intimidating and the offenders have got rights as other human beings. On criminal cases, the bill requires indictment by the grand jury composed of members of the state or judicial. The bill of rights aims at guaranteeing speedy public trials through an impartial jury composed of members of the state or judicial districts in which the crime occurred. The provision also prohibits double jeopardy. According to Salvatore Zappala, a criminal is entitled to have legal assistance as justice requires this even if he does not have sufficient means to pay for it (Zappala, 2003). He also states that when one is arrested, he or she shall be informed at the time of arrest the reasons for his arrest and shall be promptly informed of any charges against him. The defendant has the right to information on the charges accused and it is the duty of the government to provide legal entities that are fair to all human beings. The rights of criminal defendants and all individuals have got constitutional rights. 6.0. The court The American Supreme Court has the integrity to safeguard the integrity and constitutional rights of all its citizens. The court on political matters overturns the spending limits on information and quality of political speech. The court assures people involved in certain matters are mature and not minors so as to create a relay for effectiveness on provisions. Conclusion The states congress should make laws in clarity of people needs whereby the majority always rules. It should not establish or enact laws on religion that prohibits the free exercise thereof; or bridging freedom of citizens. Individual members must also be knowledgeable on their rights and the legal principle that have to be undertaken in order to address their issues and rights. It is also necessary to understand freedom of the press and the lobbying or petition of the government on redressing grievances. Buy custom The Framers Intent essay

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 23

Business Ethics - Essay Example By so doing, businesses will increase their profit and benefit the society by reducing their suffering. The theory makes businesses to work in a way that will help the society and not cause them pain (Mill 2007). The purpose of this theory is to enable businesses to get the best results from their actions. According to Marshall (2009), every person has their own rights that should be respected. Businesses need to also respect the rights of their customers. According to Velasquez (2015) Kant feels that individuals should be assisted to achieve their expected end results. It is also the duty of businesses to sell goods and services that help their customers to get what they wanted when they were buying the goods and services. Businesses should sell goods that are fresh and not expired because it is the right of the customer to get good products. When businesses do something wrong to their customers, they should do justice by taking actions that will make their customer to recover what they have lost (Wettstein 2009). According to Velasquez (2015), Maqasid al Sharia states that justice and equity should be established in the society to protect the individuals and their property. Businesses need to take good care of their customers. When they do so, the customers will feel good about buying the goods or services from the business and this will increase the profits of the business. According to Frei & Moriss (2012), customers return to buy goods from a business when they feel that the business is taking good care of them. Caring for customers makes them happy and happy customers will return to buy things from the business many times. Capitalism is a system where businesses and other money making activities belong to individual people or companies. This makes businesses to compete with each other so that they can serve their customers well and make a lot of money (Boltanski & Chiapello 2005). Businesses that make